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Lead-free Ba 1-x La x Ti 0.91 Sn 0.09 O 3  (BLTS) ceramics with  x  = 0, 0.01, 0.03 and 0.05, were prepared by the traditional solid-state sintering method with calcination and sintering temperatures of 1200 °C for 2 h and 1400 °C for 4 h, respectively. X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements revealed that all the BLTS ceramics had pure perovskite structures with no detectable impurities. When  x  = 0 and 0.01, the ceramics exhibited coexisting orthorhombic (O) and tetragonal (T) phases, while the orthorhombic (O), tetragonal (T) and cubic phase (C) were detected in the BLTS ceramics with  x  = 0.03 and 0.05, which the Rietveld refinement analysis confirmed. Furthermore, increasing  x  in the BLTS ceramics led to a large decrease in the average grain size (from 45.7 to 0.9 µm). A significant decrease in the remnant polarization ( Pr ) accompanied by very slim hysteresis loops were observed for higher La ( x  ≥ 0.03) levels. This demonstrates that BLTS ceramics transition from classical ferroelectric to relaxor ferroelectric behavior due to changing occupancy of the A-site to La 3+  from Ba 2+ .

Classical to Relaxor Ferroelectric Transformation of Lanthanum Modified BaTi 0.91 Sn 0.09 O 3 Ceramics