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Lead-free Ba(Ti 0.91 Sn 0.09 ) 1-x V x O 3  (BTSV,  x  = 0, 0.005,0.010, 0.015, and 0.020) ceramics were prepared by the conventional solid-state sintering method with a calcination temperature of 1200 °C for 2 h and a sintering temperature between 1350 °C and 1400 °C for 4 h. The effect of vanadium (V) doping on the phase formation, microstructure and electrical properties of the ceramics was investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements revealed that the ceramics with  x  = 0 and 0.005 had pure perovskite structures with no detectable impurity, while the ceramics with  x  ≥ 0.010 exhibited perovskite structures and had secondary impurity phases. Coexisting orthorhombic and tetragonal phases were observed and the Rietveld refinement analysis suggested that the tetragonal phase increased with increased V 5+  substitution. When  x  increased from 0 to 0.010, the average grain size increased from 47 to 62  µ m and then dropped, while the density (ρ) decreased from 5.98 to 5.64 g/cm 3  when  x  increased. Furthermore, the BTSV ceramics exhibited increased porosity, Curie temperatures ( TC  ∼ 42 °C to 52 °C) and coercive field ( Ec ), while the dielectric constant at the Curie temperature (ε C ) and the remnant polarization ( Pr ) of the ceramics decreased (∼18023 to 6110 and ∼7.42 to 4.88  µ C/cm 2 , respectively) when V 5+  doping increased.

Phase Formation, Microstructure and Electric Properties of Vanadium Doped Lead-Free BaTi 0.91 Sn 0.09 O 3 Ceramics