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Nanoporous WO 3  films were prepared via anodization and thermal oxidation from a sputtered dense W film on FTO glass at different anodization times producing WO 3  films with different porosities. Moreover, an oxidation time of 1 h at 450 °C modified the crystallinity and optical transmittance in the nanoporous WO 3  films. The crystallinity of the nanoporous WO 3  films decreased as anodization time increased. The films’ electrochromic properties also improved considerably. Results showed that an anodization time of 12 min is optimal to synthesize nanoporous WO 3  films with the best electrochromic properties and highest optical modulation.

Electrochromism in Nanoporous Tungsten Trioxide Films Prepared through Anodization and Thermal Oxidation