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Water hyssop ( Bacopa monnieri  L. Pennel) is a medicinal aquatic herb used to treat diseases in South Asia. Various regeneration protocols have been developed or modified in vitro to ensure the availability of biomass and secondary metabolites of  Bacopa . We applied hydrothermally treated titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) nanoparticles (NPs) (TiO 2 -NPs) at different concentrations. Three explants, distal portion of half leaf (DPHL), proximal portion of half leaf (PPHL) and full leaf (FL), were used to evaluate response to TiO 2 . Regeneration from the three explants in vitro was similar except for shoot length. Application of TiO 2 -NPs exerted significant, but variable, effects on all parameters except percentage of shoot formation, which was 100%. Interactive effects of explant and TiO 2 -NPs exhibited significant, but variable, effects on fresh weight and percentage of callus formation. All explants produced more shoots using TiO 2 -NPs compared to control treatments. DPHL explants with application of 8 mg/l TiO 2  produced more shoots than controls. Similarly, FL explant treated with 2 mg/l TiO 2 -NPs produced more shoots/explant than controls. All concentrations of TiO 2 -NPs produced significantly longer shoots compared to controls. Increased elongation of shoots justifies use of TiO 2 -NPs for propagation of plants in vitro during acclimatization. Use of TiO 2 -NPs for rapid elongation of shoots ultimately fosters survival of plants.

TiO 2 nanoparticle synthesis, characterization and application to shoot regeneration of water hyssop ( Bacopa monnieri L. Pennel) in vitro