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Objectives  The aims of this study were to investigate the multilevel factor structure of the Therapist Presence Inventory-Therapist version (TPI-T) in a sample of Chinese beginning trainees, and to develop a 6-item brief version (TPI-T-Brief) using multilevel item response theory (M-IRT).  Methods:  Participants included 131 therapists from a master’s level counseling training program in China. After every session, therapists were sent the TPI-T and measures assessing their ratings of working alliance and session quality.  Results:  Multilevel factor analysis indicated that though conceptually TPI-T was hypothesized as having a unidimensional structure, the positively and negative worded items emerged as two statistical artifact factors. Using M-IRT, we shortened the 21-item TPI-T into the 6-item TPI-T-Brief, with three positive and three negative items.  Conclusions:  Evidence was found for the multilevel reliability, convergent validity, and concurrent validity of TPI-T-Brief given its significant associations with therapist- and client-rated working alliance and session quality. Further, TPI-T-Brief had significant predictive effect of session quality above and beyond working alliance at the session level. We discussed limitations (including using only one dataset) and recommended that the TPI-T-Brief be used in routine clinical practice to track therapy process.

Development of a brief therapist presence inventory in China using multilevel factor analysis and item response theory