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The skipjack enzymatic peptide 3 (SEP-3) has been previously isolated and purified from a byproduct of skipjack. In this paper, the anti-inflammatory activity and mechanism of SEP-3 in RAW264.7 macrophages activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were investigated. We found that SEP-3 enhanced the proliferation and phagocytic capacity of RAW264.7 macrophages and suppressed the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. Cells treated with SEP-3 showed decreased phosphorylation of ERK, p38, JNK, NF-κB p65, and IκBα and inhibited NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) inflammatory pathways. Optimal dosage was determined, and modified outcome was identified when SEP-3 treatment was combined with indomethacin. In addition, the metabolites of the dominant microflora of mice gavaged by SEP-3 showed antioxidant activity  in vitro . Therefore, we conclude that SEP-3 extracted from skipjack may have a direct or indirect anti-inflammatory effect and can be used as an adjuvant drug to treat inflammatory diseases.

journal of aquatic food product technology

Evaluation of the Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Enzymatic Hydrolysis Peptide SEP-3 from Skipjack ( Katsuwonus pelamis ) Based on NF-κB and MAPK Pathways