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Estrus detection is a major problem in buffaloes because of the poor expression of estrus signs leading to low reproductive efficiency. Salivary transcripts analysis is a promising tool to identify biomarkers; therefore, the present study was carried out to evaluate their potential as estrus biomarkers. The levels of  HSD17B1 ,  INHBA ,  HSPA1A ,  TES  transcripts were compared in saliva during estrous cycle stages [early proestrus (day −2, EP), late proestrus (day-1, LP), estrus (E), metestrus (ME) and diestrus (DE)] of cyclic heifers ( n  = 8) and pluriparous ( n  = 8) buffaloes by employing quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The levels of  HSD17B1  (EP/DE 1.46–2.43 fold, LP/DE 2.49–3.06 fold; E/DE 7.21–11.9-fold  p  &lt; 0.01; ME/D 1.0–1.16 fold) and  HSPA1A  (EP/DE 0.93–2.39 fold, LP/DE 2.68–3.23 fold; E/DE 8.52–15.18 fold  p  &lt; 0.01; ME/D 0.86–1.01 fold) were significantly altered during the estrus than other estrous cycle stages in both cyclic heifers and pluriparous buffaloes. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed the ability of salivary  HSD17B1  (AUC 0.96;  p  &lt; 0.001) and  HSPA1A  (AUC 0.99;  p  &lt; 0.01) to differentiate E from other stages of the estrous cycle. Significantly higher levels of  HSD17B1  and  HSPA1A  transcripts in saliva during the estrus phase suggest their biomarkers potential for estrus detection in buffaloes.

Salivary cell-free HSD17B1 and HSPA1A transcripts as potential biomarkers for estrus identification in buffaloes ( Bubalus bubalis )