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The objectives of the study were to investigate changes in the mRNA expression levels of five genes during antral follicle development and to assess the efficacy of four timed-artificial insemination (TAI) protocols in female yaks ( Bos grunniens ). RT-qPCR analysis revealed that expression levels were greater for follicle-stimulating hormone receptor and bone morphogenic protein 15 in the small follicle, luteinizing hormone receptor, and kit ligand in the large follicle, and growth differentiation factor 9 in the medium follicle ( p  &lt; 0.05). Non-suckling yaks were treated as a 7-d CIDR, and PGF 2α  + eCG at CIDR withdrawal and TAI with frozen yak semen at 56–58 h after PGF 2α  (PPe-7d); either a 7-d CIDR (PPG-7d) or a 5-d CIDR (PPG-5d), and PGF 2α  at CIDR withdrawal and TAI + GnRH at 70–72 h after PGF 2α ; and GnRH treatment on Day 0, followed by PGF 2α  on Day 7 and TAI + GnRH on Day 9 (GPG-7d). The results showed that the pregnancy rate (P/AI) was greater in PPG-5d than in GPG-7d ( p  &lt; 0.05), but the P/AI was not different among the other TAI protocols. In conclusion, the expression levels of these genes in follicles are dynamically changed during antral follicle development in yaks. The PPG-5d protocol achieved a greater P/AI.

animal biotechnology

Dynamic changes in gene expression during follicle development and the efficacy of four timed AI protocols in non-suckling female yaks ( Bos grunniens )