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Current trends in women’s criminalization reflect historical patterns of racism, gender conformity, and enforcing normality. This paper traces key shifts in policy and discourse on women’s punishment in the United States from the mid 19 th  century to contemporary times. Additionally, this paper reflects on social work’s role in the history of responding to criminalized women and its involvement in prison reform efforts. I argue that the profession’s reform efforts on behalf of criminalized women operate as a form of  carceral humanism , enabling expansion of the carceral state. To meaningfully challenge mass incarceration, social work must engage anti-carceral/abolitionist politics and praxis.

The Keepers and the Kept: Social Work and Criminalized Women, an Historical Review