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Pulmonary infections (PIs) are a major complication of Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) treated with hypomethylating agents (HMA). We retrospectively evaluated 147 AML patients treated frontline with HMA in 2 Centers. Total number of HMA cycles was 1397. There were 88 episodes of PI in 64 patients (43.5%). Thirty-five/147 patients at risk (23.8%) developed at least 1 episode of early PI (during cycles 1–2). Median OS in patients who developed early PI was 3.3 months (95% CI 0.8 − 5.8) versus 10.5 months (95% CI 8.4 − 12.7) in patients without PI or with PI beyond the 2nd cycle ( p  &lt; .001). Early PIs were an independent factor predicting lower survival (OR 1.94, 95% CI 1.28 − 2.93;  p  = .002). In conclusion, early PIs are common in AML patients receiving HMA and are associated with an unfavorable outcome. The results of our study raise the issue of a tailored infection prevention strategy.

Pulmonary infections in patients with acute myeloid leukemia receiving frontline treatment with hypomethylating agents