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The role of fluid dynamical phenomena – shockwaves and cavitation bubble for laser irradiation in liquid/solid–liquid interface – is thoroughly investigated in the literature considering idealized fluid dynamical conditions. The dynamics outside the cavitation bubbles are mostly ignored in laser-irradiated pure liquids. But this proves pivotal at the solid–liquid interface when entities from ablated targets are dispersed in liquids from an early breakdown via an explosive boiling, diffusion-assisted mass transfer through cavitation bubble wall or via releasing of trapped nanomaterials from a cavitation bubble collapse. The localized conditions (pressure and temperature) of these ablated species found outside the cavitation bubble favors chemical interactions for underwater-pulsed laser-induced material processing. To gain an insight into the materials dispelling from the cavitation bubble, a simplified model is employed to extract the localized conditions (pressure and temperature) in liquid, diffusion coefficient and diffusion-assisted distance traversed by the laser-ablated agglomerates.

Inquest of material dissipation from cavitation bubble in laser-irradiated solid–liquid interface