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Considerable controversy exists regarding the association between milk and dairy consumption and mortality risk. The present systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies was undertaken to examine the association of high vs. low-fat dairy and milk consumption with mortality. We searched PubMed/Medline, ISI Web of Science, and Scopus databases through February 2020 for prospective cohort studies that reported the association between milk and dairy consumption and mortality risk. High-fat milk consumption was significantly associated with a greater risk of all-cause (Pooled ES: 1.15; 95% CI: 1.09-1.20, I 2 =24.5%,  p  = 0.22), CVD (Pooled ES: 1.09; 95% CI: 1.02-1.16, I 2 =4.5%,  p  = 0.38) and cancer mortality (Pooled ES: 1.17; 95% CI: 1.08-1.28, I 2 =30.1%,  p  = 0.19). However, total dairy consumption was associated with a lower risk of CVD mortality (Pooled ES: 0.93; 95% CI: 0.88-0.98, I 2 =59.7%,  p  = 0.001). Dose-response analysis revealed a significant non-linear association of total dairy consumption with all-cause and CVD mortality. Moreover, high-fat milk consumption was significantly associated with risk of cancer mortality in linear and non-linear dose-response analysis. In conclusion, we found high-fat milk consumption was associated with a higher risk of all-cause, CVD, and cancer mortality. However, total dairy consumption was associated with a lower risk of CVD mortality.

critical reviews in food science and nutrition

High vs. low-fat dairy and milk differently affects the risk of all-cause, CVD, and cancer death: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies