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The present study performed three-dimensional numerical simulations of natural convection generated by nanofluids between plates under microgravity with gravity modulation. The Rayleigh number was fixed atand the dimensionless frequency of the gravity modulation was varied from  F  = 0 to 10 2  for the volume fraction–0.05. From an unsteady analysis, we clarified the time variation of three-dimensional thermal convection structures under gravity modulation and the frequency response of the heat transfer characteristics to the gravity modulation. When the frequency of gravity modulation and the volume fraction of nanoparticles are changed, two- or three-dimensional roll-shaped thermal convection occurs, and vortex pairs form between thermal plumes. For a low volume fraction ofthe fluid follows the low-frequency gravity modulation of  F  = 1 well. Therefore, the thermal convection repeatedly develops and decays as the gravity acceleration increases and decreases. At high-frequency gravity modulation ofsince the followability of the fluid is poor, the convection remains during one cycle of gravity modulation. At the low frequency of  F  = 1 and low volume fraction ofthe instantaneous Nusselt number is 1.0–1.1 times higher than that atover one period. For the time-averaged characteristics, the heat transfer coefficient is lower at low frequencies than at high frequencies regardless of the volume fraction. At the low volume fraction ofthe average Nusselt numbers for the low frequencies of  F  = 1 and  F  = 5 are 1.0–1.01 times higher than that atand the decrease in heat transfer coefficient owing to nanoparticles is suppressed. Atfor each frequency, the Nusselt number is much lower than that forTherefore, for low-frequency gravity modulations that make damping difficult, using nanofluids with a low volume fraction ofcan prevent the decrease in the heat transfer coefficient.

Frequency response of three-dimensional natural convection of nanofluids under microgravity environments with gravity modulation