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In December 1911, as a revolution continued to unfold in China, the secretary of the Melbourne-based revolutionary group the Young China League wrote a scathing letter to the Chinese Consul General in Australia criticising the consulate for raising the ‘hateful flag’ of the Qing Dynasty, and showing sympathies with the ‘despotic’ Manchu government. At the centre of this letter was a clear frustration at the Manchu ethnic group that then ruled China. This article examines this letter as a case study in the development of anti-Manchu rhetoric among Chinese people all over the world, revealing its impact on Chinese Australians’ changing concepts of loyalty during the Qing Dynasty.

‘That Hateful Flag’, Anti-Manchu Sentiment amongst Chinese Australians