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The purpose of this paper is to develop a multi-physical tyre model, which can take into account the influence of temperature and macro-texture of the road surface. The aim is to contribute to a better understanding and modelling of the tyre–road pavement interaction. This tyre–road interaction model can be used for friction estimation as well as rolling resistance estimation. Indeed, tyre–road friction has an undeniable influence on the rolling tyre; an accurate measurement of the tyre–road interaction is necessary for a better tyre design and simulations. The developed approach comprises mechanical and thermal models and gives dynamic forces and tyre temperatures as outputs. Comparison of simulations with experimental results to validate the model is presented and discussed. Special focus is given to the study of the impact of the macro-texture of road surface; numerical and experimental results are discussed. The experiments were done at IFSTTAR test tracks.

Multi-physical model for tyre–road contact – the effect of surface texture