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For 20 years, the main cultural institutions in Europe have faced new challenges such as increasing their efficiency in terms of the use of public resources. However, while operas found themselves under financial pressure during the period of spending cuts starting in 2009, another logic emerged that undermined attempts to govern them in a democratizing way. Under this new paradigm, the dynamics of governance in the large operas were privatized in exchange for increased private patronage. Our analysis of the changes in the management processes of the two main opera houses in Spain showed that neither of them were private or public, but rather, they were both hybrid organizations at the service of plutocratic elites.

international journal of cultural policy

Opera houses: from democratization to plutocratic control? Lyric production, economic management, and elite control in the main Spanish opera houses during the period of austerity (2009–2018)