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Recently, dietary inflammatory index (DII) has been introduced as a significant risk factor for MS. We examined the interaction between dietary inflammatory index and some formerly demonstrated key risk factors of multiple sclerosis (MS). We conducted a population-based incident case–control study of 547 MS cases and 1057 controls. Multiplicative and additive interaction were assessed using interaction term in the logistic regression model and synergy index (SI), respectively. Additive interaction was detected between DII and drug abuse (SI = 2.58; 95% CI: 1.14–5.82), gender (SI = 2.00; 95% CI: 1.39–2.87) and history of depression (SI = 1.68; 95% CI: 1.04–2.72) on the risk scale. The risk of MS in drug abusers with DII ≥ 0 was 10.4-times higher than that in non-drug abusers with DII &lt; 0 (OR = 10.4, 95% CI: 5.12–21.02,  P  &lt; 0.001). We also found that women with DII ≥ 0 had a 9.2 times larger risk compared with the men with DII &lt; 0(OR = 9.2, 95% CI: 6.3–13.5,  P  &lt; 0.001). Similarly, the risk of MS was remarkably higher in those with a history of depression and DII &gt;0 (OR = 7.6, 95% CI: 5.1–11.5,  P  &lt; 0.001). There was no evidence of multiplicative interaction between DII and the other risk factors of MS on the risk scale. We identified additive interaction between DII and drug abuse, gender and history of depression on MS. Further studies are needed to understand the underlying mechanisms of these detected interactions.

nutritional neuroscience

Additive interaction between dietary inflammatory index and some key risk factors of multiple sclerosis: a population-based incident case–control study