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Mountainous terrains severely affect the sun-target-sensor geometry due to surface dispersion of solar radiation, resulting to variation in the observed radiance. The effect of topographic shadow on raw, atmospherically and topographically processed Normalized Difference Snow Index (NDSI) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) values was investigated for Jhelum basin, Kashmir Himalaya. The results indicate that NDSI and NDVI derived from raw images show less area of snow and vegetation, due to underestimation of corresponding pixels in the shadow regions, in comparison to atmospherically and topographically processed datasets. Among the three datasets, raw images exhibited low values of minimum and maximum NDSI and NDVI for both shadow and sunlit slopes. All the three datasets show significantly higher values of minimum and maximum NDSI, NDVI and surface temperature in the sunlit slopes, relative to shadow slopes. This research demonstrates that topographic shadow has significant impact on the raw, DOS atmospheric corrected and C topographic processed Landsat-8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) datasets as well as on Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) sensor.

geocarto international

Impact of illumination gradients on the raw, atmospherically and topographically corrected snow and vegetation areas of Jhelum basin, Western Himalayas