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Significant changes in the photosynthesis of terrestrial vegetation are observed in recent decades due to climate variability, land use and land cover changes, frequent disasters and anthropogenic forcing, but this situation in the Indian context remains largely unexplored. Here, therefore, we estimate the long–term changes in photosynthesis and its key climate drivers in India. The gross photosynthetic activity peaks (FPAR  mean  = 0.57) in post–monsoon (September, October and November) due to high soil moisture (87.26 kg/m 2 ), good precipitation (5.2 mm/day) and optimum temperature (21.46 °C) conditions, whereas it is smallest (FPAR  mean  = 0.4) in summer (March, April and May) due to very high temperature (27.37 °C) and lower soil moisture (55.45 kg/m 2 ). The trend in FPAR over 2000–2019 reveals enhanced photosynthetic activity in India. In the northwest, both soil moisture and temperature have a positive influence on greening (i.e. moisture induced greening). Conversely, the unfavourable soil moisture and temperature conditions dominate in the peninsular region to trigger browning there (i.e. warming induced moisture stress). Our analyses suggest that the photosynthetic trend is primarily controlled by trend in the soil moisture (44.31%) and air temperature (32.54%). The warming induced moisture stress can be a serious threat in the future to drive browning in more areas. Extreme events such as droughts, landslides and fires are expected to increase in the hilly regions such as the northeast due to browning. Furthermore, as food production and forest resources influence the economy of a country like India, management and conservation of greenery are inevitable for a sustainable ecosystem.

Photosynthetic trends in India derived from remote sensing measurements during 2000–2019: vegetation dynamics and key climate drivers