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Soil moisture is essential for water resources management, yet accurate information of soil moisture has been a challenge. The major goal was to parametrize the Modified Water Cloud Model (MWCM). The Sentinel-1A data of winter wheat crop was collected for two weeks. Concurrently, in-situ soil moisture data was collected using Time Domain Reflectometer (TDR). A parametric scheme was used for the retrieval of the VV polarization of Sentinel-1A. The effect of NDVI as a vegetation descriptors (V 1  and V 2 ) on total VV backscatter ( σ0 ) was analyzed. The calibration showed NDVI has the potential to influence Water Cloud Model (WCM) and vegetation descriptors; hence it is recommended to calibrate the MWCM. The coefficient of determination (R 2  = 0.83) showed a good agreement between observed and estimated soil moisture. Therefore, this approach help improve soil moisture prediction, and can be applied to determine soil moisture more accurately for winter crops, grasses, and pasture lands.

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Parameterization of the modified water cloud model (MWCM) using normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) for winter wheat crop: a case study from Punjab, India