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The essential oils from flowers and leaves of  P. incisa  and  P. crispa  were extracted using two methods, hydro-distillation (HD) and solid phase micro-extraction (SPME). The essential oils were analyzed using GS-MS whilst their contents were quantitatively determined using GC-FID. The analysis revealed the following: For  P. incisa , SPME oils from flowers and leaves were dominated by oxygenated monoterpenes (cis-verbenol, 2E-octene and E-caryophyllene from flowers and thymoquinone, methyl-γ-ionone and  butylated hydroxyanisole  from leaves). Comparatively HD oils were dominated by phenolic compounds ( butylated hydroxyanisole , 7-epi-α-Eudesmol and methyl-γ-ionone from flowers and leaves). For  P. crispa , SPME oils from flowers were dominated by oxygenated monoterpenes (crysanthenone, cis-thujopsenic acid and Z-jasmone) and those from leaves were dominated by oxygenated sesquiterpenes (7-epi-α-eudesmol, 11-acetoxyeudesman-4-α-ol and cembrene). Comparatively, the oxygenated monoterpenes crysanthenone, p-cymene-8-ol and 2,6-dimethyl phenol were determined in the HD oils from flowers, while crysanthenone, p-cymene-8-ol and vanillin were identified in those from leaves. The essential oils extracted from flowers and leaves  P. incisa  and  P. crispa  showed good antioxidant as well as anticancer activities.

journal of essential oil bearing plants

Chemical Composition, Cytotoxicity and Antioxidant Activity of the Essential Oil from Flower Buds and Leaves of the  Pulicaria incisa  (Lam.) DC and  Pulicaria crispa  (Forskel) Oliver