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The current study is aimed to investigate the essential oil (EO) yields, chemical compositions, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of  Artemisia vulgaris  L. EOs were isolated before flowering, initial flowering and post-flowering growth stages. Before the flowering stage, major constituents of the EO were α-thujone (30.68%) and β-caryophyllene (22.05%). Parallel to plant development, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (mainly β-caryophyllene) decreased and an increase was recorded in oxygenated monoterpenes, especially in α-thujone. These significant changes in the EO compositions caused various alterations in antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Antioxidant activities of EOs were drastically decreased as the amount of β-caryophyllene dropped off from 22.05 to 7.92% and α-thujone increased from 30.68 to 47.41%. Spearman's correlation coefficients exhibited that α-thujone was quite weak against oxidative stress. In contrast to antioxidant activities, correlation analysis revealed that antimicrobial activities of EOs were enhanced with the increase of α-thujone.

Variations in Chemical Compositions and Biological Activities of Artemisia vulgaris L. (Common Mugwort) Essential Oils at Different Growth Stages