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Effects of different nitrogen nutritional systems (biologic, organic, and chemical fertilizers) on fennel were investigated in two cropping years (2013-2014 and 2014-2015) in a completely randomized blocks design. Treatments consisted of control or uniformly spreading 50% urea at planting time, and 50% at stem elongation (N 1 ), uniformly spreading 50% of urea at planting time and spraying the other 50% of urea fertilizer at stem elongation on fennel foliage (N 2 ), cow manure (N 3 ), inoculation of fennel seeds with  Azotobacter  and  Azospirillum  (N 4 ), N 5  or Integrated-1 (N 3  + uniformly spreading urea at stem elongation), N 6  or Integrated-2 (N 3  + N 4 ). Findings showed that N 2  has led to 13.4% and 14.3% more seed yield production than N 1  for the first and second years, respectively. Also, the results indicated that N 2  could produce 14.3% and 13.6% more essential oil yield than N 1  for the first and second years of study, respectively. The main essential oil constituents were anethole, methyl chavicol, α-pinene, limonene, and fenchone. The results of this study showed that there was no positive effect of biofertilizers ( Azotobacter  and  Azospirillum ) application on fennel.

Changes in Seed and Shoot Essential Oil Yield of Fennel ( Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) in Response to Practices of Integrated Nitrogen Management