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Ulva  is a green macroalgal genus with rich species diversity and worldwide distribution. While current knowledge on  Ulva  diversity focuses on temperate regions, genetic and morphological data in tropical and subtropical areas are scarce and the species richness is not clearly defined. The genus is known for its bloom-forming ability that can induce green tides leading to severe environmental and economic damage. In the last two decades, several important blooms of  Ulva  spp. have occurred in New Caledonia, requiring further investigations to identify the species involved. As knowledge of New Caledonian  Ulva  diversity is limited, an update to the  Ulva  spp. inventory in the area is essential. Based on  Ulva  specimens collected throughout New Caledonia (Grande Terre, Isle of Pines and Loyalty Islands), we (1) reassessed species diversity using species delimitation methods, (2) analysed morpho-anatomical characters to identify species and/or enrich their diagnosis, and (3) reconstructed a multilocus phylogeny (ITS,  rbc L,  tuf A) of the genus. We found 21 secondary species hypotheses (SSHs) among our dataset, from which five were successfully assigned to  U. lactuca, U. ohnoi, U. tepida, U. meridionalis  and  U. taeniata . Ten SSHs were defined as new species for which we provided taxonomic description, and six other SSHs were singletons that will need to be data-enriched for better interpretation. Our concatenated multilocus matrix included 61  Ulva  species. Of these, 15 species were found in New Caledonia and were moderately to strongly supported. Among the  Ulva  species found in New Caledonia, seven are known to be bloom-forming which highlights the need for strict regulation and regular monitoring of water quality, particularly in areas exposed to strong nutrient input where these species can form green tides.

Ten new species of Ulva (Ulvophyceae, Chlorophyta) discovered in New Caledonia: genetic and morphological diversity, and bloom potential