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The Prorocentrales are a unique group of dinophytes based on several apomorphic traits, but species delimitation is challenging within the group.  Prorocentrum triestinum  was described by Josef Schiller in 1918 as an important bloom-forming species from Trieste (Mediterranean, Adriatic Sea) with a conspicuous asymmetric outline and a small, asymmetrically located subapical spine. All subsequent records under this name fail to conform to Schiller’s original description. These inconsistencies have their origin in John Dodge’s 1975 revision of  Prorocentrum , which placed  Prorocentrum redfieldii , a more symmetrical, slender species with a long apical spine, into synonymy under  P. triestinum . To clarify this confusion, we collected samples at the type locality of  P. triestinum  in Trieste and established a strain that is morphologically consistent with the protologue and suitable for use in epitypification. Morphology and rRNA sequence data of this strain were compared with four new strains identified as  P. redfieldii  from the Mediterranean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean. Cells of  P. triestinum  had an asymmetric outline in lateral view and a small, dorso-subapical spine. These features, which are readily resolved by light microscopy, were distinct from those of the nearly symmetrical and slender cells of  P. redfieldii , which had a long, apically located spine. The species are nevertheless closely related and share an identical architecture of the periflagellar area with a distinctive, largely reduced accessory pore together with a very small platelet 7. This apomorphy clearly differentiates both species from other species of  Prorocentrum . Both species differ in their primary rRNA sequences, and ITS and LSU sequence differences will enable them to be distinguished in future meta-barcoding studies. The present study demonstrates that  P. triestinum  and  P. redfieldii  are distinct species and thus contributes to a reliable biodiversity assessment of  Prorocentrum . HIGHLIGHTS Prorocentrum triestinum  is characterised molecularly for the first time and delimited from  P. redfieldii . The identity of important bloom-forming species is clarified. Structural details of the periflagellar area are described.

european journal of phycology

Clarifying confusion –  Prorocentrum triestinum  J.Schiller and  Prorocentrum redfieldii  Bursa (Prorocentrales, Dinophyceae) are two different species