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To date tourism has been synonymous with intense territorial use, which has led to a reconsideration of the relationship between tourism and its location in order to foster more environmentally-friendly development. In this context, the paper provides a novel approach to the analysis of tourism and the environment by developing a theoretical general equilibrium model addressing the integration of the environment in the economic system (i.e. in a  circular economy ) from a tourism perspective. The model’s innovative aspect is in assuming the use of land not only as an input, but as an output. Specifically, the land is no longer supplied in a fixed quantity to the economy, but society decides between its enjoyment or its rental as a factor of production; thereby achieving a more rational use of this resource. Likewise, its consideration as an output allows us to stress its role as an asset; implying that its preservation also contributes to economic growth. The main findings show that, when the environment is integrated into the economic system, tourism is not a source of ecological depletion, but rather an essential contributor to its preservation. However, this necessary integration does not keep tourism from eroding sectoral diversification and reinforcing import dependence.

Modelling the economics of sustainable tourism