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Protection areas are commonly delineated in water supply watersheds to manage anthropogenic activities that pose pollution risks. These areas are frequently determined based on geographical distances that are not representative of the travel time of water. For surface waters, the total travel time for water between an anthropogenic activity and the drinking water intake is the sum of the overland travel time and the travel time in a river. In previous research, we reported methods for evaluating travel time in a river. The present paper focuses on the estimation of overland travel times. Four methods were applied, evaluated and compared based on a land use database representing anthropogenic activities that potentially release contaminants. Methods for overland travel times that provided more precise results required abundant data and expertise to be implemented, but can contribute to improved decision-making for land use planning in the context of source water protection.

Comparison of methods to evaluate overland travel times for source water protection