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Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic condition linked to a wide range of psychological difficulties. While traditional cognitive behavioural therapy has been studied extensively with people with MS, much less is known about more recent “third wave” approaches. A scoping review was carried out by performing a systematic search across MEDLINE Complete, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Academic Search Ultimate, and Cochrane Library up to January 2022. From an initial return of 8306 citations, 35 studies were included, 20 of which were randomised controlled trials (RCTs). These showed that four third wave approaches have been investigated with people with MS to date: acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT), mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR), and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT). MBSR and MBCT may be helpful to address a range of psychological difficulties up to three months post-intervention. However, MS-specific adaptations may be required, and more evidence is needed on longer-term effectiveness. Limited evidence is also available for DBT and ACT, but additional research is warranted before any recommendation can be made. As third wave approaches keep being refined, further more rigorous investigations are needed to implement them to the benefit of people with MS.Implications for RehabilitationMultiple sclerosis is linked to a wide range of psychological difficulties in adults.Little is currently known on third wave psychotherapies for people with MS.Mindfulness-based stress reduction and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy may be helpful to address a wide range of difficulties in MS.Specific adaptations may be needed to deliver suitable therapies to people with MS.Additional research is warranted to build on preliminary findings for DBT and ACT. Multiple sclerosis is linked to a wide range of psychological difficulties in adults. Little is currently known on third wave psychotherapies for people with MS. Mindfulness-based stress reduction and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy may be helpful to address a wide range of difficulties in MS. Specific adaptations may be needed to deliver suitable therapies to people with MS. Additional research is warranted to build on preliminary findings for DBT and ACT.

Third wave cognitive behavioural therapies for people with multiple sclerosis: a scoping review