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The study assessed the concentration and health hazards of Cd, Mn, Pb, Ni and Zn in 54 road surface dust samples. Heavy metal concentrations descended as follows: Mn &gt; Zn &gt; Pb &gt; Ni &gt; Cd and the concentrations were 316.22, 161.24, 88.76, 22.69 and 0.21. Health hazard assessment showed that the modes of exposure descended in the sequence of ingestion &gt; dermal contact &gt; inhalation for children and dermal contact &gt; ingestion &gt; inhalation for adults. The hazard index for both populations was &gt;1 suggesting susceptibility to non-cancer risks. The carcinogenic risk for Ni and Cd was below 1 × 10 −4  suggesting a negligible risk of cancer for both populations. The study suggests that more research studies on HM contamination in road dusts are to be undertaken in the country to develop HM pollution threshold values in road dusts and to account for pollution in city centers.

Health risks of heavy metal contamination in road surface dusts from selected major roads in East London, South Africa