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The potential human health risks of some toxic/harmful elements related to the consumption of  Pseudevernia furfuracea  (L.) Zopf. were investigated. The toxic/harmful elements (cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn)) were determined in  P. furfuracea . According to the analysis result, the maximum (max.) toxic/harmful element value was 62 ± 3.1 mg/kg for Mn and minimum (min.) value was 0.19 ± 0.01 mg/kg for Cd. The estimated daily exposure doses (EDEXDs) for men, women and children were dietary (bread) &gt; dietary (tea) &gt; dermal. For dietary (bread) and dietary (tea) non-carcinogenic (HQ) risk was children &gt; women &gt; men. For dermal, HQ risk was women &gt; children &gt; men. Hazard index (HI) value for men was &gt;1 for Cr. HI value for men was 1.36 for Cr. HI value for women was &gt;1 for Cr and Mn. HI values for women were 1.54 for Cr and 1.01 for Mn. Also, the HI value for children was &gt;1 for Cr, Mn, and Pb. HI values for children were 3.44 for Cr, 2.24 for Mn, and 1.66 for Pb. This situation showed that there was a non-carcinogenic risk. Carcinogenic risk values were dietary (bread) &gt; dietary (tea) &gt; dermal. The total max. carcinogenic value was 1.97E-03 for Cr while the total min. carcinogenic value was 1.31E-05 for Pb. As a result, it has been determined that there may be a risk of cancer due to the consumption of lichen as bread and this situation may adversely affect human health.

Potential human health risks of toxic/harmful elements by consumption of Pseudevernia furfuracea