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The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of commensal and pathogenic  Escherichia coli  on informally sold fresh produce in South Africa, who harbour and express antimicrobial resistance genes and therefore pose indirect risks to public health. The majority (85.71%) of  E. coli  isolates from spinach, apples, carrots, cabbage and tomatoes, were multidrug resistant (MDR). Resistance to Aminoglycoside (94.81%), Cephalosporin (93.51%), Penicillin (93.51%) and Chloramphenicol (87.01%) antibiotic classes were most prevalent. Antibiotic resistance genes detected included  bla TEM(89.29%),  tetA  (82.14%),  tetB  (53.57%),  tetL  (46.43%),  sulI  (41.07%),  sulII  (51.79%),  aadA1a  (58.93%) and  strAB  (51.79%). A single isolate was found to harbour  eae  virulence factor. Moreover,  E. coli  isolates were grouped into the intra-intestinal infectious phylogenetic group E (28.57%), the rare group C (26.79%), the generalist group B1 (21.43%) and the human commensal group A (16.07%). Presence of MDR  E. coli  represents a transmission route and significant human health risk.

Multidrug resistant Escherichia coli from fresh produce sold by street vendors in South African informal settlements