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Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) can achieve simultaneous carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus removal owing to its three-dimensional oxygen gradient structure. However, long start-up period and poor operational stability restrict its application and promotion. A novel rapid granulation strategy, viz., the short-term (7 days) addition of ferric chloride at the commissioning stage, was developed and verified in this study. The granulation period was shortened by 9 days, and the formed granules were compact and dense with an Fe 3+  concentration of 250 mg L −1 . The addition of flocculant not only maintained a high sludge concentration during the initial stages of granulation (5.3 g L −1 ), but also stimulated the secretion of TB-EPS and increased protein and polysaccharide contents, thereby expediting granule formation. Additionally, ferric chloride induced a diverse microbial community in granules, resulting in the emergence of new genera, such as  Thaurea ,  Brevundimonas  and  Kinneretia , which improved pollutant removal performance and flocculent aggregation. The removal efficiencies of COD, PO 43- -P, and NH 4+ -N stabilized at 94.2, 62.4, and 71.3%, respectively. Therefore, it has been demonstrated that short-term ferric chloride dosing has a synergistic effect on aerobic granulation.

Mechanistic study on the ferric chloride-based rapid cultivation and enhancement of aerobic granular sludge