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Production of concentrated polyaluminum chloride (PACl) with the proper distribution of Al species (Al a , Al b , and Al c ) is still a challenging issue on both industrial and laboratory scale. Hence, the effects of total aluminum concentration (Al T ) at high levels, regular basicity values, and low base injection rates on the distribution of Al species in PACl solutions were investigated using quadratic models. The results confirmed the possibility to synthesize tailor-made PACl solutions with a specified value of either Al a , Al b , or Al c  within the range of 22–51%, 4–51%, or 0.5–74%, respectively. For instance, in agreement with the predicted value, a PACl sample rich in both Al b  (42,200 ppm) and Al T  was produced by applying the basicity of 1.7, Al T  of 9.07% as Al 2 O 3 , and basification rate of 0.48 ml/h. In addition, the maximum Al c  could be acquired by exploiting the highest C, B, and Q values. This condition also minimized both Al a  and Al b . The trends of Al a  and Al c  changes by the increment of basicity were concave and convex, respectively, while Al b  showed either a decreasing trend or a concave pattern based on the values of injection rate and Al T . The Al b -rich PACl sample was effectively applied for turbidity removal from synthetic wastewater at various pHs and initial turbidities. At best, residual turbidity of about 1% was observed after the coagulation process. These findings can be constructive for the production and application of tailor-made PACl.

environmental technology

The concentrated polyaluminum chloride with tailor-made distribution of Al species: synthesis, distribution and transformation of Al species, and coagulation performance