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A high rate of elemental sulfur (S 0 ) accumulation from sulfide-containing wastewater has great significance in terms of resource recovery and pollution control. This experimental study used  Thiobacillus denitrificans  and denitrifying bacteria incorporated with signal molecules (C6 and OHHL) for simultaneous sulfide (S 2– ) and nitrate (NO 3– ) removal in synthetic wastewater. Also, the effects on S 0  accumulation due to changes in organic matter composition and bacteria proportion through signal molecules were analyzed. The 99.0% of S 2–  removal and 99.3% of NO 3–  was achieved with 66% of S 0  accumulation under the active S 2–  removal group. The S 0  accumulation, S 2–  and NO 3–  removal mainly occurred in 0–48 h. The S 0  accumulation in the active S 2–  removal group was 2.0-6.3 times higher than the inactive S 2–  removal groups. In addition, S 0 /SO 42-  ratio exhibited that S 0  conversion almost linearly increased with reaction time under the active S 2–  removal group. The proportion of  Thiobacillus denitrificans  and H +  consumption showed a positive correlation with S 0  accumulation. However, a very high or low ratio of H + /S 0  is not suitable for S 0  accumulation. The signal molecules greatly increased the concentration of protein-I and protein-II, which resulted in the high proportion of  Thiobacillus denitrificans . Therefore, high S 0  accumulation was achieved as  Thiobacillus denitrificans  regulated the H +  consumption and electron transfer rate and provided suppressed oxygen environment. This technology is cost-effective and commercially applicable for recovering S 0  from wastewater.

Enhanced biological S 0 accumulation by using signal molecules during simultaneous desulfurization and denitrification