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The smart magnetic nanocomposites have been doped to diminish the energy bandgap of the photocatalyst and to permit recovering of the photocatalyst after the wastewater treatment. The core–shell Fe 3 O 4 @TiO 2  nanocomposite was synthesised by the hydrothermal method using titanium butoxide as a precursor. The nanocomposites were examined by XRD, VSM, UV-Vis, and TEM techniques. The energy band gap of core–shell Fe 3 O 4 @TiO 2  nanocomposite is 3.5 eV. Doping of copper with a concentration of 1, 2, and 3 wt% into TiO 2  shell was done to increase the performance of photocatalyst. The Fe 3 O 4 /PVP@TiO 2 @Cu photocatalyst was used for dye wastewater treatment. The energy bandgap decreased to 2.2 eV after copper doping into the TiO 2  shell specified that copper-doped nanocomposite could be an outstanding photocatalyst. The photocatalytic activity was carried out using methylene blue(MB) and methyl orange (MO) under sunlight. About 65% of methylene blue and 85% of methyl orange degradation was done using Cu (3wt %) doped Fe 3 O 4 @TiO 2  nanocomposite. These photocatalysts can be easily withdrawn with a magnetic field. The Fe 3 O 4 /PVP@TiO 2 @Cu photocatalyst has been demonstrated to be very functional or effective for the degradation of MB and MO dyes using solar illumination.

Magnetically recyclable copper doped core-shell Fe 3 O 4 @TiO 2 @Cu nanocomposites for wastewater remediation