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Potassium birnessites were prepared using two methods, sol–gel or oxidation. The solids were characterised by element chemical analysis, powder X-ray diffraction, FT-IR spectroscopy, thermal analyses, and nitrogen adsorption. The evolution of the properties as a function of the preparation method was discussed. The photocatalytic performance of these solids was preliminarily tested for the degradation of 4-nitrophenol. The degradation pathway and the nature of the by-products were investigated by mass spectrometry. The solids showed good catalytic behaviour, although their preparation must be improved, mainly concerning the calcination step involved in sol–gel synthesis, which led to the formation of Mn 2 O 3  that worsened the catalytic behaviour.

Application of birnessite-type solids prepared by sol–gel and oxidation methods in photocatalytic degradation of 4-nitrophenol