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Muslim female subjectivity in Pakistan has mostly been defined through the dualistic perspectives of secular and religious standpoints. This paper, however, aims to examine and foreground the agentive efficacy of subjectivity, which is neither exclusively secular nor religious. Mohsin Hamid’s novel  How to Get Filthy Rich in Rising Asia  presents a nuanced literary depiction of the Muslim female subject position. By taking the ‘lived’ experiences of major and minor female characters in fiction as case studies, this paper argues that the subjectivity of Muslim women is interstitial, rather than exclusively religious or secular. It argues that exclusive perspectives restrict and reduce Pakistani Muslim women’s agency and that negotiated identity built through performativity somewhere in a  third-space  is more agential, workable and socially accepted. Such negotiated identity can bring about transformation in women’s gendered subjectivity. This paper advances feminist discourse in Pakistan by foregrounding the epistemology of  performativity  and  third-space  to ascertain the efficacy and workability of Muslim women’s agency.

journal of gender studies

Muslim female subjectivity in Mohsin Hamid’s  How to Get Filthy Rich in Rising Asia : disrupting the binary of the religious and the secular in Pakistan