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Thaumatotibia leucotreta  (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is a major phytosanitary pest of citrus in South Africa. Although several management tools exist, control options registered for use against the soil-dwelling life stages are limited .  Both entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) and entomopathogenic fungi have been investigated previously, but they have not been studied in combination against  T. leucotreta . Thus, this study investigated the interaction of an indigenous entomopathogenic fungus,  Metarhizium pinghaense  (previously  anisopliae ) FCM Ar 23 B3 with three indigenous EPNs:  Steinernema yirgalemense  157-C,  S. jeffreyense  J194 and  Heterorhabditis noenieputensis  158-C for increased late instar  T. leucotreta  larval mortality. Before interaction experiments, lethal concentration (LC) values for each of these microbial agents were determined through dose–response bioassays.  Heterorhabditis noenieputensis  recorded the highest LC 50  amongst the nematodes (7.11 IJs/50 µl). Using the pre-determined LC 70  value of  M. pinghaense  and the LC 50  values for each of the nematode species, interaction experiments were conducted. Combinations of the nematodes either applied simultaneously with the fungus or at 24, 48, 72 or 96 h post-fungal application showed predominantly additive interactions. Synergy between the simultaneous application of  S. yirgalemense  and  M. pinghaense  was found, whilst the interaction between  H. noenieputensis  and  M. pinghaense  applied simultaneously and  S. jeffreyense  applied 24 h post-fungal application, recorded antagonistic interactions. The use of these agents in combination may therefore have the potential to increase control of  T. leucotreta  soil-dwelling life stages in citrus orchards across South Africa and should be further investigated.

biocontrol science and technology

Interaction between an entomopathogenic fungus and entomopathogenic nematodes for increased mortality of  Thaumatotibia leucotreta  (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)