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Fusarium verticillioides  ( Fv ) is a mycotoxin-producing phytopathogen causing ear and root rot in maize.  Bacillus cereus  strain  B 25 is a maize endophyte and an effective biological control agent against  Fv . The  B 25 genome contains several genes associated with fungal antagonism, including lytic enzymes (chitinases A and B, chitosanase and glycoside hydrolase), siderophores (petrobactin and bacillibactin), antibiotics (surfactin), and biofilm. This study aimed to elucidate which  B 25 antagonistic mechanisms are implicated in  Fv  biocontrol. The expression of twelve  B 25 genes was evaluated by qRT-PCR after 3–30 h of confrontation between  B 25 and  Fv . All  B 25 genes tested were induced, mainly between 6 and 24 h, while none was induced at 3 h. Lytic enzyme genes were induced at different times, with three of them occurring at 12 h. Chitinase and chitosanase activities were induced after 6 and 12 h, respectively, and gradually increased until 30 h. Biofilm formation was detected only when  B 25 interacted with  Fv . Images of the  B 25- Fv  interaction and measurements at 24 and 30 h showed little branching or abnormal mycelial growth, suggesting cell wall damage. In conclusion, when  B 25 is confronted against  Fv , all  B 25 antagonistic mechanisms tested appear to be involved in  Fv  growth control.

biocontrol science and technology

Molecular and biochemical characterisation of antagonistic mechanisms of the biocontrol agent  Bacillus cereus B 25 inhibiting the growth of the phytopathogen  Fusarium verticillioides  P03 during their direct interaction  in vitro