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Xunzi lived at the end of the Warring States period (480/403–222 B.C.) of China. He sought solutions to the problems of social and political life, and the management theories he put forward constituted his primary system of thoughts. Xunzi saw a connection between politics and morality and embodied this connection with the concept of  rituals . Unlike the thinkers, such as Confucius and Mengzi, who found the basis of morality in  Tian  天 (nature), Xunzi brought a new interpretation to the creation process of rituals and morality within the framework of  conscious activity . This paper focuses on the creation of rituals and the basis of morality. It interprets Mou Zongsan’s criticism of Xunzi: ‘morality is external’. By showing the relationship between human nature, Tian, and rituals, I will argue whether morality is ‘internal’ or ‘external’ to humans in Xunzi’s thoughts.

A Mou Zongsan’s criticism of Xunzi: ‘Morality is external’