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Accelerating the pace of energy technological innovation is essential to curb global climate change and build a clean energy system. Based on this idea, from the perspective of renewable energy technology gaps across countries, this study presents a thorough empirical analysis of the convergence of energy technology research, development, and demonstration (RD&amp;D) budgets across OECD countries over 1985–2017. In doing so, we apply two-regimes threshold autoregressive approach to account for heterogeneity, nonlinearity, and transition path in energy technology RD&amp;D convergence. One observation is that only a small number of advanced countries namely Canada, Japan, and the U.S. follow a nonlinear process and exhibit partial convergence in energy technology RD&amp;D budgets with Japan as a transition country. Interestingly, our results also provide clear support for the global convergence of energy technology RD&amp;D budgets once accounting for the two regimes jointly. These trends in national energy innovation policies could arguably help Canada, Japan, and the U.S. to drive up their energy RD&amp;D trajectory into the future, suggesting that these countries would be able to achieve a more sustainable energy innovation supply system.

Are government energy technology research, development, and demonstration budgets converging or diverging? Insights from OECD countries