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Industry 4.0 to grow must show its superiority in terms of performance. However, the available performance management systems from Industry 3.0 have several limitations and weaknesses. These weaknesses are mainly related to the human factor, whereas the latter is central in the model of industry 4.0 because this new model is centred on complex human-machine interactions. This perspective engenders specific managerial challenges, which will be due to human resistance to innovation and change. These non-technological changes are labelled management innovations. Our objective is to determine what characteristics a 4.0 Industry performance management system should have that explicitly integrating the human factor and on what main principles should it be based. Our findings revealed several specific features of performance management systems 4.0 and identified two main management principles of performance management system 4.0: adherence of all actors and solidarity between actors. Therefore, non-technological management innovations are paramount for the effective implementation and functioning of an Industry 4.0 performance management system.

Implementing industry 4.0 real-time performance management systems: the case of Schneider Electric