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Some fish in tropical and subtropical waters exhibit moon-related rhythmicity in their reproduction and migration. We investigated the involvement of the subtypes of cryptochrome ( mgCry ) in moon-related rhythmicity of the Malabar grouper  Epinephelus malabaricus , which spawns around the new moon period. Under natural photoperiodic conditions, the levels of  mgCry1  and  mgCry2  showed daily variation with peaks at 11:00 and 19:00, respectively, in the diencephalon (including the pituitary), regardless of the moon phase. The weekly changes in  mgCry2 , but not  mgCry1 , were moon-dependent, with higher levels around the new moon. When fish were reared under natural moonlight,  mgCry2  in the pituitary was higher at 15:00 and 11:00 during the new moon period than the full moon period. Rearing fish under moonlight-exposed or moonlight-blocked conditions resulted in increases in  mgCry  genes in the pituitary during the night at full moon, suggesting that the pituitary is a target organ of the moonlight-dependent clock system. These findings indicate that  mgCry  genes in the brain of the Malabar grouper exhibits moon dependency, with changes according to the duration of darkness at night. We conclude that weekly changes in  Cry  genes in the brain play a role in entraining moon-dependent events in the Malabar grouper.

biological rhythm research

Darkness at night during the new moon period alters the expression levels of the clock genes in the brain of a moon-related spawner, the Malabar grouper  Epinephelus malabaricus