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Diurnal changes in daylength and temperature influence circadian rhythm of melatonin synthesis in the fish pineal organ. All core clock genes and clock-controlled  aanat2  gene are expressed in the pineal organ of teleosts. However, there is paucity of information on the circadian rhythm of expression of clock genes and any clock-controlled gene in the pineal organ of any tropical/subtropical fish species under natural photoperiod and temperature during different phases of the annual breeding cycle and/or seasons. Therefore, we studied circadian rhythms of expression of clock genes ( clock, bmal1, per1, per2, per3, cry1  and  cry2 ) and  aanat2  in the pineal organ of the catfish,  Clarias gariepinus  maintained under natural environmental conditions during different phases of its annual breeding cycle. All clock genes and  aanat2  gene invariably exhibited prominent circadian rhythm of expression in the fish pineal organ irrespective of seasons/breeding phases. Further, acrophase, mesor and amplitude of the circadian rhythm of expression of the clock genes and  aanat2  gene responded differently to different seasons. Our findings suggest that photoperiod-, temperature- and season-independent circadian rhythm of expression of clock genes and  aanat2  gene in the pineal organ enable it to act as a potential master clock in the fish under natural conditions.

biological rhythm research

Robust circadian and circannual rhythms of expression of clock genes and clock controlled aanat2 gene in the photoreceptive pineal organ of catfish, Clarias gariepinus under natural conditions