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We studied time-of-day and seasonal variations in the foraging behavior of street cattle in Raipur city, India. We recorded the foraging behavior of street cattle at 48-time points each day for over three consecutive days at 10 different locations of Raipur city across three distinct seasons of the year. We log-transformed the time series data and employed Single Cosinor to compute the characteristics of time-of-day variation in foraging activity. We also determined the effects of the factors “time-of-day” and “season” on foraging behavior and the number of cattle. We found statistically significant time-of-day variation in foraging pattern with the peaks located mostly at midday hours, irrespective of seasons. The amplitude of foraging was the least in the summer as compared with the rainy and the winter seasons. The factors “time-of-day” and “season” modulated both foraging activity and frequency of cattle on the streets statistically significantly. The observed spatiotemporal patterns in the foraging behavior of cattle on the streets might provide useful information to the stakeholders engaged in mitigating the urban cattle menace in Raipur city and elsewhere in the world.

Time-of-day and seasonal variations in foraging behavior of street cattle of urban Raipur, India