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Natural phenomena act as external cues that stimulate the reproductive activity of many marine organisms. In this study, we report the gonadal maturation in relation to the lunar cycle of wild-caught Atlantic sea urchin,  Arbacia punctulata  (Echinodermata: Arbaciidae, an edible marine invertebrate), in the Gulf of Mexico. Weekly changes in gonadal development were observed histologically according to the lunar cycle during the summer months from May to July. Histological observations revealed that testes were developed synchronously around the new moon in June and July. Several testes collected in the same moon phase contained residual sperm (~7%) or testicular lobules/acini fully occupied by mature sperm (~46%). Cyclic ovarian development was also observed during the summer months, some ovaries collected around the new moon in June and July contained oocytes at maturation stage (ova: ~39-71%) or empty follicles, suggesting that the Atlantic sea urchin spawns according to the lunar cycle in the Gulf of Mexico. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the lunar reproductive rhythm of  Arbacia  species in the Gulf of Mexico.

Histological evidence of the lunar reproductive rhythm of Atlantic sea urchin Arbacia punctulata in the Gulf of Mexico