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Effects of different regimes of photoperiod (12L–12D, 16L–8D, 8L–16D, LL and DD) were studied on the circadian rhythm of expression of core clock genes ( clock, bmal1, per1, per2, per3, cry1  and  cry2 ) in the photosensitive pineal organ of air-breathing catfish,  Clarias gariepinus  during summer and winter seasons under both  in vivo  and  in vitro  conditions using qPCR. Our findings indicate that all major core clock genes are expressed in the photosensitive pineal organ of  C. gariepinus , and exhibit significant circadian rhythm of their expression under both  in vivo  and  in vitro  conditions irrespective of photoperiods and seasons. However, photoperiods had season-dependent differential effects on mesor (24 h average), amplitude, and acrophase (peak) of the circadian rhythm of expression of the clock genes under both  in vivo  and  in vitro  conditions. Based on these findings, we suggest that the photosensitive pineal organ of the fish possesses internal autonomous clockwork composed of clock genes, and different photoperiods deferentially affect rhythm parameters of the rhythmic expression of the pineal clock genes in a season-dependent manner.

biological rhythm research

Circadian rhythm of expression of core clock genes in the photosensitive pineal organ of catfish,  Clarias gariepinus  under different photoperiodic regimes