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Epigenetics refers to the study of heritable phenotypic changes without alterations in the DNA sequence. Advanced studies in epigenetic molecular mechanisms and their biological functions have relied on various model systems including bacteria, fungi, plants, insects, and mammals. The fruit fly  Drosophila melanogaster  has been an established model organism in the study of genetics and developmental biology. Many regulatory pathways are conserved in  Drosophila  compared to mammals, rendering it a powerful model to study epigenetic mechanisms. In this review, we outline the various epigenetic mechanisms and their importance in  Drosophila  chiefly focussing on the predominant epigenetic variations such as DNA methylation, histone modifications like H3K18 acetylation, H3K27 and H4K20 methylation, H3S10 phosphorylation, H2K118 ubiquitylation, H4 sumoylation, RNA associated silencing, polycomb proteins, PEV (position effect variegation), TPE (Telomeric position effect), and dosage compensation. All these types of epigenetic mechanisms can be studied precisely in  Drosophila  by inducing various mutations in the genome. Advanced studies in  Drosophila  epigenetics helps to understand genomic imprinting, neurological memory, circadian rhythms, aging, and carcinogenesis.

Drosophila melanogaster : a promising model system for epigenetic research