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Polymeric and tetracalcium phosphate (TTCP)-containing polymeric scaffolds were fabricated using a freeze-drying technique, with a homogenous solution of hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC)/hyaluronic acid (HA)/gelatin (G) or suspension of 15 or 20% TTCP) particles in HEC/HA/G solution. The morphology, phase composition, chemical bands, and swelling behavior of the scaffold were determined.  In vitro  fibroblast cell viability and migration potential of the scaffolds were determined by MTT, live/dead staining, and scratch assay for wound healing. The  in vivo  chick embryo angiogenesis test was also carried out. Finally, the initial antibacterial activity of the scaffolds was determined using  Staphylococcus aureus . The scaffolds exhibited an enormous porous structure in which the size of pores increased by the presence of TTCP particles. While the polymeric scaffold was amorphous, the formation of low crystalline hydroxyapatite phase and the initial TTCP particles was determined in the composition of TTCP-added scaffolds. TTCP increased swelling behavior of the polymeric scaffold in PBS. The results demonstrated that the amount of TTCP was a crucial factor in cell life. A high concentration of TTCP could restrict cell viability, although all the scaffolds were nontoxic. The scratch assessments determined better cell migration and wound closure in treating with TTCP-containing scaffolds so that after 24 h, a wound closure of 100% was observed. Furthermore, TTCP-incorporated scaffolds significantly improved the angiogenesis, in the chick embryo test. The presence of TTCP had a significant effect on reducing the bacterial activity and 20% TTCP-containing scaffold exhibited better antibacterial activity than the others.

journal of biomaterials science, polymer edition

Wound closure, angiogenesis and antibacterial behaviors of tetracalcium phosphate/hydroxyethyl cellulose/hyaluronic acid/gelatin composite dermal scaffolds