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Veterans with histories of incarceration are at greater risk for poor physical and mental health outcomes, yet prior research in this population has focused on specific subsets of veterans or a narrow range of predictors. We utilized the Bronfenbrenner Socioecological Model as the framework to evaluate correlates of incarceration history in a large sample of Iraq and Afghanistan-era veterans at four levels: demographic, historical, clinical, and contextual. Participants were 2,904 veterans (76.9% male; 49.5% White and 46.5% Black; mean age 38.08,  SD  = 10.33), 700 of whom reported a history of incarceration. Four logistic regression models predicting history of incarceration were tested, adding demographic, historical, clinical, and contextual variables hierarchically. In the final model, younger age ( OR  = 0.99, 95%  CI  = 0.98–1.00), male gender ( OR  of being female = 0.28, 95%  CI  = 0.21–0.38), belonging to a historically marginalized group ( OR  of being White = 0.69, 95%  CI  = 0.56–0.84), family history of incarceration ( OR  = 1.47, 95%  CI  = 1.10–1.94), adult interpersonal trauma ( OR  = 1.39, 95%  CI  = 1.28–1.51), problematic alcohol use ( OR  = 1.03, 95%  CI  = 1.02–1.05), drug abuse ( OR  = 1.15, 95%  CI  = 1.11–1.19), and unemployment ( OR  for being employed = 0.76, 95%  CI  = 0.62–0.92) were significantly associated with a history of incarceration. Implications of these findings for developing interventions and supporting systems to effectively target this high-risk population of veterans are discussed.

Correlates of incarceration history among military veterans